The G20 was formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers’ meeting on 26 September 1999. The emergence of the G20 stemmed from the changing economic reality – a response both to the financial crises of the late 1990s and to a growing recognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance.
So, the original G7 (composed of the US, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada and Italy) grew to the G20. At the third G20 summit held in Pittsburgh on September 24-25, 2009, the G20 was designated as the premier forum for international economic cooperation. Today, the G20 represents two thirds of the world’s population and nearly 88% of the world’s economy.
For a more detailed story, click the following link :
http://www.seoulsummit.kr/eng/goPage.g20?menu_seq=G20MENU00061&return_url=TOP02_SUB01
Friday, October 22, 2010
G 20
Home > About the G20 > History and Structure
Since the first G20 Leaders Summit two years ago in Washington
D.C., the Group of 20 nations has worked together to move the world
beyond the financial crisis to balanced and sustainable growth.
By pursuing globally coordinated policies, the G20 helped prevent
the further collapse of the international financial system in
the wake of the United States’ subprime mortgage meltdown and
the subsequent Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, even as it laid
the groundwork for reforms that would reduce global volatility
going forward.
The success of that first meeting, held on November 15, 2008, paved the way for future summits. Among the agreements reach- ed in Washington D.C., the G20 leaders committed to strengthening policy cooperation, reforming the regulatory and supervisory framework of the world’s financial markets, improving the existing international financial institutions and avoiding protectionism.
During the next two summits, in London and Pittsburgh, the G20 continued to tackle the financial crisis, agreeing to a $5 trillion stimulus package and following through on previously made commitments. At the end of the London Summit, the final commu- niqué focused on three major subject areas: the strengthening of the financial system, funding through international financial institutions, and implementation of action plans. In the course of those meetings, the G20 firmly established itself at the center of global economic discussion.
At the third summit, held in Pittsburgh on September 24-25, 2009, the G20 was designated the premier forum for international economic cooperation, ushering in a new era of global governance. The group agreed to meet annually beginning in 2011 (the G20 is meeting twice in 2010, as leaders work to stabilize economic growth). On the agenda in Pittsburgh: reform of international financial institutions; global economy and trade growth; climate financing and energy security and financial regulatory reform. At the end of these discussions, the G20 came out with the “Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth,” now a lynchpin of G20 discussions.
Although the G20 leaders began meeting as a group only in the last few years, the G20 finance ministers have been meeting an- nually since 1999. That first meeting was held in the wake of the Asian Financial Crisis, when world leaders recognized the increasing interdependence of the world’s economies. Those meetings in turn had grown out of meetings coordinated by the G7 (the US, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada and Italy) in the years following the 1974 oil shock. The emergence of the G20 stemmed from the changing economic reality. By the end of the 1990s, emerging markets played an increasingly important part in the global financial system, and that needed to be reflected in international economic governance. Today, the G20 represents two thirds of the world’s population and nearly 88% of the world’s economy.
The G20 promotes open and constructive discussion among systemically important countries on key issues related to financial and economic policies. By enhancing cooperation and coordination, the G20 works to bring about stable and sustainable econo- mic growth across the globe.
The G20 does not have a permanent staff. The chair country supplies the secretariat for the duration of its one year term.
The position of chair country rotates between regional groups of countries each year, then the specific country to be assigned the role of chair is chosen from within that group during a series of meetings.
Group 1 (01.06) Canada [01) Australia (06) Saudi Arabia America
Group 2 (02.07) India (02) Republic of South Africa(07) Russia Turkey
Group 3 (03.08) Mexico (03) Brazil (08) Argentina
Group 4 (04.09) Germany (04) United Kingdom (09) France Italy
Group 5 (05.10) China (05) Republic of Korea(10) Japan Indonesia
The G20 Management Troika includes the most recent, the current and the next chair. During the years preceding and following its host year, a country holds the position of co-chair and acts as an advisor to the Troika. Troika members work closely with the chair to set the G20 agenda, frame the discussion and produce a communiqué. In addition, the co-chairs participate in meetings of G20 steering groups.
1999 Germany
2000 Canada
2001 Canada
2002 India
2003 Mexico
2004 Germany
2005 China
2006 Australia
2007 Republic of South Africa (2008 Troika)
2008 Brazil (2008 Troika 2009 Troika)
2009 United Kingdom (2008 Troika 2009 Troika)
2010 Republic of Korea (2009 Troika)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Since the first G20 Leaders Summit two years ago in Washington
D.C., the Group of 20 nations has worked together to move the world
beyond the financial crisis to balanced and sustainable growth.
By pursuing globally coordinated policies, the G20 helped prevent
the further collapse of the international financial system in
the wake of the United States’ subprime mortgage meltdown and
the subsequent Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, even as it laid
the groundwork for reforms that would reduce global volatility
going forward.
The success of that first meeting, held on November 15, 2008, paved the way for future summits. Among the agreements reach- ed in Washington D.C., the G20 leaders committed to strengthening policy cooperation, reforming the regulatory and supervisory framework of the world’s financial markets, improving the existing international financial institutions and avoiding protectionism.
During the next two summits, in London and Pittsburgh, the G20 continued to tackle the financial crisis, agreeing to a $5 trillion stimulus package and following through on previously made commitments. At the end of the London Summit, the final commu- niqué focused on three major subject areas: the strengthening of the financial system, funding through international financial institutions, and implementation of action plans. In the course of those meetings, the G20 firmly established itself at the center of global economic discussion.
At the third summit, held in Pittsburgh on September 24-25, 2009, the G20 was designated the premier forum for international economic cooperation, ushering in a new era of global governance. The group agreed to meet annually beginning in 2011 (the G20 is meeting twice in 2010, as leaders work to stabilize economic growth). On the agenda in Pittsburgh: reform of international financial institutions; global economy and trade growth; climate financing and energy security and financial regulatory reform. At the end of these discussions, the G20 came out with the “Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth,” now a lynchpin of G20 discussions.
Although the G20 leaders began meeting as a group only in the last few years, the G20 finance ministers have been meeting an- nually since 1999. That first meeting was held in the wake of the Asian Financial Crisis, when world leaders recognized the increasing interdependence of the world’s economies. Those meetings in turn had grown out of meetings coordinated by the G7 (the US, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada and Italy) in the years following the 1974 oil shock. The emergence of the G20 stemmed from the changing economic reality. By the end of the 1990s, emerging markets played an increasingly important part in the global financial system, and that needed to be reflected in international economic governance. Today, the G20 represents two thirds of the world’s population and nearly 88% of the world’s economy.
The G20 promotes open and constructive discussion among systemically important countries on key issues related to financial and economic policies. By enhancing cooperation and coordination, the G20 works to bring about stable and sustainable econo- mic growth across the globe.
The G20 does not have a permanent staff. The chair country supplies the secretariat for the duration of its one year term.
The position of chair country rotates between regional groups of countries each year, then the specific country to be assigned the role of chair is chosen from within that group during a series of meetings.
Group 1 (01.06) Canada [01) Australia (06) Saudi Arabia America
Group 2 (02.07) India (02) Republic of South Africa(07) Russia Turkey
Group 3 (03.08) Mexico (03) Brazil (08) Argentina
Group 4 (04.09) Germany (04) United Kingdom (09) France Italy
Group 5 (05.10) China (05) Republic of Korea(10) Japan Indonesia
The G20 Management Troika includes the most recent, the current and the next chair. During the years preceding and following its host year, a country holds the position of co-chair and acts as an advisor to the Troika. Troika members work closely with the chair to set the G20 agenda, frame the discussion and produce a communiqué. In addition, the co-chairs participate in meetings of G20 steering groups.
1999 Germany
2000 Canada
2001 Canada
2002 India
2003 Mexico
2004 Germany
2005 China
2006 Australia
2007 Republic of South Africa (2008 Troika)
2008 Brazil (2008 Troika 2009 Troika)
2009 United Kingdom (2008 Troika 2009 Troika)
2010 Republic of Korea (2009 Troika)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thursday, October 14, 2010
STORIES OF THE MONTH
The Presidential Council on Nation Branding
World Students in Korea
Newsletter 28
October 15, 2010
Stories of the Month
1. Benefits of Red Ginseng
http://blog.naver.com/korea_brand/10095749080 • http://blog.daum.net/korea_brand/781
In these crisp, pleasant autumn days, are you one of those people who feel always tired and somewhat lethargic, dozing in the bus and missing your stop? If you are, then I’d like to introduce you to a certain health food: Red ginseng. According to an experiment conducted in Milan, Italy, the group who was given ginseng showed a significant decline in the frequency of colds and flus. Other benefits of red ginseng besides boosting up your immune system include reducing fatigue, fat, cholesterol, improving blood circulation, and enhancing your stamina in general. Learn more about this wonder food!
2. The Fascinating World of Hangul Calligraphy
http://blog.naver.com/korea_brand/10095749968 • http://blog.daum.net/korea_brand/782
There is a growing interest for hangul (the Korean alphabet) not only as a set of highly scientific and pragmatic alphabets but also as an artistic theme. Hangul is now being re-discovered as calligraphy (the art of fancy lettering) and as a fashion component. Get introduced to the fascinating world of hangul calligraphy which is now used everywhere, far and wide, from movie posters, book jackets, record covers, to product advertisements!
Major Events
1. Conference on Korea’s National Brand
A panel of eminent scholars and experts, both Korean and international, who are committed to raising Korea’s international standing will convene to discuss how the G-20 Seoul Summit and the recent issue of North Korea’s hereditary power succession affect South Korea’s national brand.
- Date / Time : October 27 (Wed) 14:00-17:00
- Venue : Grand Hilton Seoul Hotel, Convention Hall A (4F)
- Hosts : Presidential Council on Nation Branding and other academic associations
- Language : Korean (*Simultaneous English interpreting service will be offered)
Those students who wish to attend the conference should RSVP by no later than October 20 (Wed) by emailing back to mkshin@koreabrand.go.kr.
Activities & Announcements
1. Photos of the Last Cultural Tour
Some group photos taken at the last cultural tour held on Sept. 16 at Gyeongbokgung and Geonwolleung are attached. Download and post them on your blogs!
2. Evaluation of the 3rd Batch
Evaluation of the 3rd batch of WSK is currently going on. The result will be announced around early November prior to the awards ceremony.
3. Recruiting the 4th Batch
We are taking applications for the 4th batch of WSK. Introduce your friends to our program. Applications can be submitted by visiting www.koreabrand.net. Deadline is Oct. 31 (Sun).
이달의 컨텐츠
1. 홍삼의 비밀이 밝혀졌다
http://blog.naver.com/korea_brand/10095749080 • http://blog.daum.net/korea_brand/781
이미 전세계적인 건강식품으로 그 우수성을 인정받고 있는 대한민국의 홍삼. 9월 15일 개최된 제 10회 국제인삼 심포지엄에서 홍삼이 백신의 효능을 높여주고 최근 유행한 신종인플루엔자(H1N1) 감염에 방어효과가 있다는 연구결과를 발표하여 이를 자세히 소개함.
2. 이효리 손에 들린 "처음처럼"의 글씨체를 기억하시나요?
http://blog.naver.com/korea_brand/10095749968 • http://blog.daum.net/korea_brand/782
단순히 의미를 가진 문자로서의 가치를 넘어 세련된 예술적 소재로 높은 관심을 받고 있는 한글의 가치를 재조명함.
* 이달의 컨텐츠는 각각의 URL을 클릭하여 각자의 블로그에 반드시 포스팅해 주시기 바랍니다.
주요 행사
1. 대한민국 국가브랜드 학술대토론회
G20 정상회의 계기 국격제고 방안과 최근 북한의 정권세습 등 한반도를 둘러싼 환경요인이 대한민국 국가브랜드에 미치는 영향 및 대응방안을 모색하는 토론회.
- 기간 : 2010.10.27(수) 오후 14:00 ~17:00
- 장소 : 그랜드힐튼 호텔 컨벤션 A홀 (홍제동 위치)
- 주최 : 국가브랜드위원회, 관련학회 공동주최
- 언어 : 한국어 (*영어 동시통역 서비스 제공)
학술대토론회에 참석을 희망하는WSK 학생들은 10월 20일(수)까지 mkshin@koreabrand.go.kr로 신청해주시기 바랍니다.
공지사항
1. 지난 일일문화체험(9.16) 단체사진
지난 9월 16일 개최되었던 일일문화체험 행사의 단체사진을 보내드리니 다운로드 하여 블로그에 포스팅 하시기 바랍니다.
2. WSK 3기 블로그 평가
WSK 3기 블로그 평가의 결과는 11월 초에 발표될 것입니다.
3. WSK 4기 모집 진행중
WSK 4기의 모집이 10월 31일까지 진행됩니다. 관심 있는 친구들에게 많은 홍보 부탁드립니다. 지원 신청은 www.koreabrand.net 에서 하실 수 있습니다.
World Students in Korea
Newsletter 28
October 15, 2010
Stories of the Month
1. Benefits of Red Ginseng
http://blog.naver.com/korea_brand/10095749080 • http://blog.daum.net/korea_brand/781
In these crisp, pleasant autumn days, are you one of those people who feel always tired and somewhat lethargic, dozing in the bus and missing your stop? If you are, then I’d like to introduce you to a certain health food: Red ginseng. According to an experiment conducted in Milan, Italy, the group who was given ginseng showed a significant decline in the frequency of colds and flus. Other benefits of red ginseng besides boosting up your immune system include reducing fatigue, fat, cholesterol, improving blood circulation, and enhancing your stamina in general. Learn more about this wonder food!
2. The Fascinating World of Hangul Calligraphy
http://blog.naver.com/korea_brand/10095749968 • http://blog.daum.net/korea_brand/782
There is a growing interest for hangul (the Korean alphabet) not only as a set of highly scientific and pragmatic alphabets but also as an artistic theme. Hangul is now being re-discovered as calligraphy (the art of fancy lettering) and as a fashion component. Get introduced to the fascinating world of hangul calligraphy which is now used everywhere, far and wide, from movie posters, book jackets, record covers, to product advertisements!
Major Events
1. Conference on Korea’s National Brand
A panel of eminent scholars and experts, both Korean and international, who are committed to raising Korea’s international standing will convene to discuss how the G-20 Seoul Summit and the recent issue of North Korea’s hereditary power succession affect South Korea’s national brand.
- Date / Time : October 27 (Wed) 14:00-17:00
- Venue : Grand Hilton Seoul Hotel, Convention Hall A (4F)
- Hosts : Presidential Council on Nation Branding and other academic associations
- Language : Korean (*Simultaneous English interpreting service will be offered)
Those students who wish to attend the conference should RSVP by no later than October 20 (Wed) by emailing back to mkshin@koreabrand.go.kr.
Activities & Announcements
1. Photos of the Last Cultural Tour
Some group photos taken at the last cultural tour held on Sept. 16 at Gyeongbokgung and Geonwolleung are attached. Download and post them on your blogs!
2. Evaluation of the 3rd Batch
Evaluation of the 3rd batch of WSK is currently going on. The result will be announced around early November prior to the awards ceremony.
3. Recruiting the 4th Batch
We are taking applications for the 4th batch of WSK. Introduce your friends to our program. Applications can be submitted by visiting www.koreabrand.net. Deadline is Oct. 31 (Sun).
이달의 컨텐츠
1. 홍삼의 비밀이 밝혀졌다
http://blog.naver.com/korea_brand/10095749080 • http://blog.daum.net/korea_brand/781
이미 전세계적인 건강식품으로 그 우수성을 인정받고 있는 대한민국의 홍삼. 9월 15일 개최된 제 10회 국제인삼 심포지엄에서 홍삼이 백신의 효능을 높여주고 최근 유행한 신종인플루엔자(H1N1) 감염에 방어효과가 있다는 연구결과를 발표하여 이를 자세히 소개함.
2. 이효리 손에 들린 "처음처럼"의 글씨체를 기억하시나요?
http://blog.naver.com/korea_brand/10095749968 • http://blog.daum.net/korea_brand/782
단순히 의미를 가진 문자로서의 가치를 넘어 세련된 예술적 소재로 높은 관심을 받고 있는 한글의 가치를 재조명함.
* 이달의 컨텐츠는 각각의 URL을 클릭하여 각자의 블로그에 반드시 포스팅해 주시기 바랍니다.
주요 행사
1. 대한민국 국가브랜드 학술대토론회
G20 정상회의 계기 국격제고 방안과 최근 북한의 정권세습 등 한반도를 둘러싼 환경요인이 대한민국 국가브랜드에 미치는 영향 및 대응방안을 모색하는 토론회.
- 기간 : 2010.10.27(수) 오후 14:00 ~17:00
- 장소 : 그랜드힐튼 호텔 컨벤션 A홀 (홍제동 위치)
- 주최 : 국가브랜드위원회, 관련학회 공동주최
- 언어 : 한국어 (*영어 동시통역 서비스 제공)
학술대토론회에 참석을 희망하는WSK 학생들은 10월 20일(수)까지 mkshin@koreabrand.go.kr로 신청해주시기 바랍니다.
공지사항
1. 지난 일일문화체험(9.16) 단체사진
지난 9월 16일 개최되었던 일일문화체험 행사의 단체사진을 보내드리니 다운로드 하여 블로그에 포스팅 하시기 바랍니다.
2. WSK 3기 블로그 평가
WSK 3기 블로그 평가의 결과는 11월 초에 발표될 것입니다.
3. WSK 4기 모집 진행중
WSK 4기의 모집이 10월 31일까지 진행됩니다. 관심 있는 친구들에게 많은 홍보 부탁드립니다. 지원 신청은 www.koreabrand.net 에서 하실 수 있습니다.
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
South Korea in Tanzania land deal
S Korea 'in Tanzania land deal'
Seoul has vowed to pass on expertise in food processing
South Korea says it has agreed to develop farmland in Tanzania - the latest in a series of such deals between rich and poor nations.
Korean officials say 1,000 sq km (386 sq miles) will be developed - half for local farmers, half to produce processed goods for South Korea.
But Tanzanian officials have denied that any deal has been finalised.
Seoul also signed a deal last year to lease a vast area of Madagascar.
Rich countries have increasingly sought farmland in poorer nations to help shore up food supplies.
Countries such as China, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Kuwait are short of arable land and have been seeking agricultural investments in Africa.
But South Korea's deal in Madagascar - which would have seen it lease an area the size of Belgium from the island nation - has been thrown into uncertainty.
Madagascar's government was overthrown in a coup earlier this year and the new leaders said they would scrap the deal, which was cited as one reason for the unrest.
Benefit claim
The state-run Korea Rural Community Corporation says a memorandum of understanding will be signed with Tanzania next month.
The corporation says it will produce processed foods like cooking oil, wine and starch on the land.
Lee Ki-Churl, a corporation official, said he expected Tanzanians to benefit from the deal.
"Some African countries export fruit and import fruit juice, or export olives and import olive oil, simply because their past colonialists did not teach them how to process food," he told the AFP news agency.
"We plan to set up an education centre for Tanzanian farmers in the food-processing zone in order to transfer agricultural know-how and irrigation expertise to them."
He said about 100bn won ($83m) would be spent to develop an initial 100 sq km of land over the next few years.
South Korea's Yonhap news agency reported that the corporation hoped to exploit deposits of iron ore, gold and copper in other parts of the Tanzania to help fund its project.
The deal comes weeks after Tanzanian Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda visited Seoul, when the two nations promised closer ties.
Seoul has vowed to pass on expertise in food processing
South Korea says it has agreed to develop farmland in Tanzania - the latest in a series of such deals between rich and poor nations.
Korean officials say 1,000 sq km (386 sq miles) will be developed - half for local farmers, half to produce processed goods for South Korea.
But Tanzanian officials have denied that any deal has been finalised.
Seoul also signed a deal last year to lease a vast area of Madagascar.
Rich countries have increasingly sought farmland in poorer nations to help shore up food supplies.
Countries such as China, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Kuwait are short of arable land and have been seeking agricultural investments in Africa.
But South Korea's deal in Madagascar - which would have seen it lease an area the size of Belgium from the island nation - has been thrown into uncertainty.
Madagascar's government was overthrown in a coup earlier this year and the new leaders said they would scrap the deal, which was cited as one reason for the unrest.
Benefit claim
The state-run Korea Rural Community Corporation says a memorandum of understanding will be signed with Tanzania next month.
The corporation says it will produce processed foods like cooking oil, wine and starch on the land.
Lee Ki-Churl, a corporation official, said he expected Tanzanians to benefit from the deal.
"Some African countries export fruit and import fruit juice, or export olives and import olive oil, simply because their past colonialists did not teach them how to process food," he told the AFP news agency.
"We plan to set up an education centre for Tanzanian farmers in the food-processing zone in order to transfer agricultural know-how and irrigation expertise to them."
He said about 100bn won ($83m) would be spent to develop an initial 100 sq km of land over the next few years.
South Korea's Yonhap news agency reported that the corporation hoped to exploit deposits of iron ore, gold and copper in other parts of the Tanzania to help fund its project.
The deal comes weeks after Tanzanian Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda visited Seoul, when the two nations promised closer ties.
Greetings from Seoul Global Business Support Center
Greetings from Seoul Global Business Support Center!
Look forward to your participation in the below Global Business Networking event!
Overview
The Global Business Networking event's purpose is to create a relaxed and social atmosphere where attendees from all over the world can meet and greet each other without the pressure of a strict agenda. Attendees will include expat and Korean business executives and invited government officials. The event is open to both Koreans and foreigners who wish to develop their business and social network.
[ top ]
Date / Time / Place
October 15, 2010 6:00pm ~ 10:00pm - At the beautiful Min's Club in Insadong -www.minsclub.co.kr
Exit 5 at Anguk Station Orange Line 3. Walk straight out of the exit
for about 100 meters and look for the signs on your right.
Program
7:00pm : Welcome
8:00pm : Pansori and Gayageum Performance by Ms. Jung Yi Yang
(Pansori is a genre of traditional Korean singing and the Gayageum is a traditional Korean stringed instrument)
9:00pm : Lucky Draw
- Two Min's Club Dinner Coupons for 2 people - worth KRW 150,000 each
- Five coupons from Lee Kangwoon Hair Salon - worth KRW 50,000 each and other wonderful prizes
- Three vouchers of flower baskets, worth KRW100,000 each (delivery within Seoul)
Price
KRW 30,000 in advance or KRW 40,000 cash at the door
Please remit to Korea Exchange Bank - Account #620-198885-001
Price Includes
An International Buffet Dinner with over 15 different dishes. Beer, Wine, Makgeoli and Soft Drinks are included!
The first 100 people to register will receive a special gift by courtesy of the National Museum of Korea.
Registration
To attend at the early-registration price of KRW 30,000/person, please RSVP and remit payment by October 14.Visit this link for full instructions: Click here
Look forward to your participation in the below Global Business Networking event!
Overview
The Global Business Networking event's purpose is to create a relaxed and social atmosphere where attendees from all over the world can meet and greet each other without the pressure of a strict agenda. Attendees will include expat and Korean business executives and invited government officials. The event is open to both Koreans and foreigners who wish to develop their business and social network.
[ top ]
Date / Time / Place
October 15, 2010 6:00pm ~ 10:00pm - At the beautiful Min's Club in Insadong -www.minsclub.co.kr
Exit 5 at Anguk Station Orange Line 3. Walk straight out of the exit
for about 100 meters and look for the signs on your right.
Program
7:00pm : Welcome
8:00pm : Pansori and Gayageum Performance by Ms. Jung Yi Yang
(Pansori is a genre of traditional Korean singing and the Gayageum is a traditional Korean stringed instrument)
9:00pm : Lucky Draw
- Two Min's Club Dinner Coupons for 2 people - worth KRW 150,000 each
- Five coupons from Lee Kangwoon Hair Salon - worth KRW 50,000 each and other wonderful prizes
- Three vouchers of flower baskets, worth KRW100,000 each (delivery within Seoul)
Price
KRW 30,000 in advance or KRW 40,000 cash at the door
Please remit to Korea Exchange Bank - Account #620-198885-001
Price Includes
An International Buffet Dinner with over 15 different dishes. Beer, Wine, Makgeoli and Soft Drinks are included!
The first 100 people to register will receive a special gift by courtesy of the National Museum of Korea.
Registration
To attend at the early-registration price of KRW 30,000/person, please RSVP and remit payment by October 14.Visit this link for full instructions: Click here
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)